Community-based animal healthcare pages:
page 1: articles (full list), books, networks and other resources
(pages 2-7: Summaries of articles grouped by theme and linked to full articles where available:)
page 2: community animal healthcare
page 3: EVK / EVM / local knowledge
page 4: participatory methods
page 5: gender, children and building peace
page 6: policy
page 7: other
BOOKS
Notice of publication: March 2002
COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTHCARE
A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO IMPROVING PRIMARY VETERINARY SERVICES
A partnership between Vetwork UK,
the Participatory Community-based Animal Health and Vaccination (PARC-VAC) Project,
Organisation of African Unity / Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, and
Intermediate Technology Publications.
Vetwork UK and PARC-VAC have co-ordinated production of
a practical guide to community-based animal health systems.
Written by a team of veterinarians and livestock professionals with field
experience of community-based projects in Africa and Asia, the guide contains
contributions and case studies from projects around the world, presented
as text boxes, stories, anecdotes, diagrams, cartoons and photographs.
COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTHCARE: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
IMPROVING PRIMARY VETERINARY SERVICES
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Getting started
Chapter 3: Taking a long-term perspective: sustainability issues
Chapter 4: Participative training methods and approaches
Chapter 5: How to design and implement training courses
Chapter 6: Monitoring and assessment of community based animal health projects
Chapter 7: CAHWs and disease surveillance
Chapter 8: The rules of the game and how to influence policy
Chapter 9: Sharing experiences and networking
List of Contributors
Further Reading
Index
(CAHW = community animal health worker)
For further information about the book contact:
Andy Catley, c/o PAVE Project, PARC-VAC, PO Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya.
tel: +254 2 226447, fax: +254 2 253680, e-mail: andy.catley@oau-ibar.org
The book can be ordered through:
ITDG Publishing. 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HL, UK
www.itdgpublishing.org.uk
NETWORKS & WEBSITES
CAHNET network - Community-Based Animal HealthCare Network
An network and website hosted in East Africa dealing with all issues relating to Community-Based Animal HealthCare.
to CAHNET website
ARTICLES & REPORTS
Delivery
of private veterinarian supervised community-based animal health services
to pastoralist areas of the greater horn of Africa 1999.
Delivery
of animal health services in eastern Africa 1998.
Community-based
animal health services in southern Sudan: the experience so far 1998.
Community-based
animal health care in Somali areas of Africa: a review 1999.
Veterinary
services in the Somali national regional state, Ethiopia: a situation analysis
1997.
Community-based
animal health services in the greater horn of Africa: an assessment for USAID
1998.
A review
of the Oxfam UK/Ireland Kotido livestock development project (animal health
component), Kotido district, Karamoja 1997.
A critical
analysis of the selection and support of community livestock workers in Ghana
1999.
Assessing
the impact of community animal health care programmes: some experiences from
Ghana 1999.
Delivery Of Private Veterinarian Supervised Community-Based Animal Health
Services To Pastoralist Areas Of The Greater Horn Of Africa 1999
Leyland,T. and Akabwai, D.M.O.
Abstract: Within the context of restructuring of government veterinary
services and the liberalisation of pharmaceutical supplies, various models
using participatory techniques are being developed to establish fully privatised
pastoral veterinary practices. The paper describes and discusses the various
approaches being used to establish such private practices. Major lessons
learnt in delivering community-based animal health services (CAHS) and key
issues to address in order to make such services sustainable are highlighted.
Diagrammatic models of the delivery systems used are described. The paper
discusses methods in which these relatively new, privatised and CAHS might
best and most rapidly be adopted, by various levels of decision-makers. The
paper concludes that private pastoral veterinary practices could be both
economically viable and provide needed services if national governments put
in place specified policy and legal frameworks that create an enabling environment
for them to operate within.
full report
Delivery of animal health services in Eastern Africa Establishing pastoral
veterinary practices: what are the implications for East Africa. 1998
Leyland, T.; Akabwai, D.; Mutungi, P.M. CAPE, OAU , 1998
The paper describes and discusses the various approaches being used to
establish private pastoral veterinary practices. This has occurred within
the context of:
restructuring of government veterinary services
the liberalisation of pharmaceutical supplies, using participatory
techniques
the liberalisation of various animal health delivery systems.
The article finds that community-based animal health delivery systems (CAHS) do have a very
significant impact on improving livestock owners' productivity and food
security. The projections made allow the authors to predict that privatised
pastoral veterinary practices could be sustainable in remote areas.
In order to verify this, the following activities are recommended:
more CAHS pilot projects are initiated
further economic analysis of benefits and costs and impact assessments
of CAHS are carried out
a networking organisation starts in order to transfer information about lessons
learnt methodologies and economic viability.
The article recommends that veterinary authorities, associations and privatisation
schemes in Eastern Africa:
recognise and certify the roles played by CAHWs, certificate and diploma
holders
enact policy and legislative reform to allow veterinary supervised
CAHSs to be encouraged and legalised
formulate and establish start up schemes for private vets wishing
to work in Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASAL) areas.
full report
in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)
Community-Based Animal Health Services In Southern Sudan: The Experience
So Far 1998
Jones BA, Deemer, B, Leyland TJ, Mogga, W and Stem, E. UNICEF/OLS Livestock
Programme, PARC-VAC Project, OAU/IBAR.
Abstract:
The experience of facilitating community-based animal health services (CAHS)
in southern Sudan is reviewed. Operation Lifeline Sudan livestock programme
started a community-based rinderpest control programme in 1993. In 1994,
the programme widened to control of other diseases through development of
CAHS; activities included participatory baseline surveys, community dialogue
to identify priorities and develop social contracts, training of community-based
animal health workers, Animal Health Auxiliaries and Stockpersons, development
of Veterinary Coordination Committees, and monitoring. Currently there are
1,057 animal health workers providing services to 80% of agro-pastoralist
areas. There has been a 12% drop out rate. More than 1 million cattle have
been vaccinated against rinderpest annually since 1993 and increasing numbers
of other vaccinations and treatments provided for cattle, sheep, goats and
poultry. Constraints include insecurity, poor access, lack of mobility, minimal
infrastructure and trade, lack of veterinarians and climatic extremes. CAHS
in an under-developed agro-pastoralist community such as southern Sudan is
a viable method of delivering basic animal health services, and can form
the base on which to build a sustainable private veterinarian-supervised
CAHS.
full report
CAHS: viable method of delivering basic animal health services 1998
Jones, B.; Deemer, B; Leyland, T.J.; Mogga, W.; Stem, E. CAPE, OAU , 1998
This article reviews the experience of facilitating community-based animal
health services (CAHS) in southern Sudan.
The article finds that:
constraints to such initiatives include insecurity, poor access, lack
of mobility, minimal infrastructure and trade, lack of veterinarians
and climatic extremes
community-based animal health services (CAHS) in an under-developed
agro-pastoralist community such as southern Sudan is a viable method
of delivering basic animal health services
CAHS can form the base on which to build a sustainable private
veterinarian-supervised CAHS.
full report in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)
Community-based animal health care in Somali areas of Africa: a review. 1999
Commissioned by the PARC-VAC Project, Organisation for African
Unity/Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (OUA/IBAR), Nairobi, Kenya.
(60 pages). Andy Catley.
This review is based on the question "are community-based animal health
systems a realistic option for improving primary veterinary services in Somalia?"
The article finds that:
experience in Southern Sudan suggests that well-coordinated, large-scale
community animal health worker (CAHW) systems can form the basis for
improved service delivery in conflict zones
reviews of CAHW projects in dryland areas of Kenya demonstrate substantial
cost-benefit through the prevention or treatment of a few important
livestock diseases
within Somali pastoral communities generally, there is a high demand
for animal health services
the Somali pastoral economy is closely linked to an active livestock
export trade and the market orientation of livestock production systems
is increasing
CAHW systems appear to be highly relevant to Somalia/Somaliland
there are opportunities to work with the private sector to expand
basic services into pastoral areas
ineffective or dishonest CAHWs are not tolerated by the communities
who select them and pay their incentives.
Executive Summary
full report
in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)
Veterinary services in the Somali national regional state, Ethiopia: a situation
analysis. 1997
Save the Children (UK)-Regional Bureau of Agriculture Veterinary Services
Support Project, Somali National Regional State.
Catley,A., Mohammed Sh.Said, Mohammed Ali Farah, Ahmed Sh.Mohammed and
Ismail M.Handule (1997). SCF(UK), PO Box 7165, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (44
pages).
An attempt to combine the results of stakeholder workshops on veterinary
service delivery with a more conventional assessment of material and financial
resources, and a review of scientific literature (44 pages).
Available on request.
Community based animal health services in the greater horn of Africa: an assessment.
1998
USAID - Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance in cooperation with the
USDA - Famine Mitigation Activity
Catley,A., Delaney,P. and McCauley,H., April - May 1998. OFDA/USAID, Washington
D.C. (approximately 60 pages).
What factors contributed to the success of 'community based animal health
worker' programs in Kenya, southern Sudan and Ethiopia?
Catley, A.; Delaney, P.; McCauley, H. / Community-based Animal Health
and Participatory Epidemiology Unit (CAPE), OAU , 1998
An assessment of two OFDA funded community based animal health worker
(CAHW) projects which found that:
the sustainability of CAHW development relies on the degree of integrity
of financial management of drug inputs and a satisfactory remuneration
for the individual CAHW's.
financial transactions through private sector channels without the
involvement of committeesor associations were most sustainable. Generally,
many committee-managed revolving funds were found to break-down in short
order.
the privatisation scheme in Kenya was successful in establishing private
veterinary practices in high potential areas indicating that extending
such could enhance the move of CAHW programs toward integration into
the private sector.
The assessment concludes:
both the projects achieved excellent results in improved animal health
both benefited longer term sustainable animal health services to
pastoralists via local institution building and policy reform initiatives
the projects have laid foundations relevant to the relief-to development
continuum despite the emergency situation in the region.
The authors go on to suggest that the CAHW approach can also act as an
effective point of contact with remote, pastoral communities leading to other
potential benefits such as human health service delivery, conflict mitigation
and cross-boarder livestock disease control.
[adapted from authors]
full report
in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)
A review of the Oxfam UK/Ireland Kotido livestock development project (animal
health component), Kotido District, Karamoja. 1997
Consultancy Report for the Renewable Natural Resources Sector, Overseas
Development Administration (UK), Uganda, March 1997. Andy Catley, Vetwork
UK, Edinburgh.
A review of Oxfam’s community-based animal health work in Karamoja, particularly
in relation to participatory approaches and Oxfam’s gender work.
Available on request
Assessing the impact of community animal health care programmes: some experiences
from Ghana. What constraints limit the effectiveness of community livestock
workers? 1999
Hanks, J.; Oakeley, R.; Opoku, H,; Dasebu, S.; Asaga, J. / Community-based
Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology Unit (CAPE), OAU , 1999
Half of all the community livestock workers (CLWs) studied were found
to have a good to excellent impact upon animal health care services. The
evidence also showed improvement in the accessibility of services with knock
on benefits for production and producer welfare. Where CLWs had achieved
less impact a number of constraints were identified:
supply of equipment was the main limitation with kits arriving incomplete
and / or months after completion of training. CLWs suffered loss of
confidence in their new skills and lost support in the community as a
result of not having immediate access.
supply of basic equipment is therefore a priority with the provision
of additional equipment, such as transport and protective clothing, secondary.
no training in basic business management was available to CLWs resulting
in difficulties for some in re-stocking supplies
the level of impact of CLWs was dependent upon their level of contact
with veterinary and extension staff. High levels of contact and strong
relationships produced better results
government restructuring had led to some CLWs being supported by staff
with insufficient skills. Account needs to be taken of specialised skill
requirements when allocating staff to their areas of operation
many producers were unclear as to the precise role and training of
CLWs which limited their effectiveness
direct community control of equipment and CLWs resources was problematic
and they were more effective when they set their own fee rates with the
support of the community.
full report
in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)
A critical analysis of the selection and support of community livestock workers
in Ghana. Whas has been the impact of the Community Livestock Worker (CLW)
programme in Ghana? 1999
Hanks, J.; Oakeley, R.; Opoku, H.; Dasebu, S.; Asaga, J. / Community-based
Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology Unit (CAPE), OAU , 1999
This study explores the impact of the Community Livestock Worker (CLW)
programme in Ghana.
The article finds that:
half of Ghanian CLWs are having good to excellent impact
inadequate information regarding the role and responsibilities of
CLW is provided to district and field level veterinary and extension
staff
poor flow of information restricts the selection of appropriate trainees
there is a direct relationship between the selection process for CLWs
and their ultimate success and sustainability
producer groups, including women producers, are the most effective
at selecting effective CLWs
wider community participation or representation does not guarantee
effective selection
livestock ownership and literacy are common criteria for selection,
but there is no apparent correlation between this and success
there is male bias amongst both selector groups and CLWs
training is effective but gaps remain
contact between CLWs and supervisors is variable, but is of real
importance
effective programme monitoring requires improved procedures and
co-operation between supervisors and community leaders
the impact of decentralisation on the supervision of CLWs should be
carefully monitored
full report
in .pdf format (download time might be prolonged)