BAIF Development Research Foundation

ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE: ALTERNATIVES FOR LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT
PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE HELD IN PUNE, INDIA, 4-6 NOVEMBER 1997
VOLUME 1: SELECTED PAPERS
FILE 7 OF 9: ANNEXES

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Key words and phrases:

animal health, community based animal health care, environment, ethnoveterinary medicine, indigenous knowledge, indigenous systems, participation, veterinary

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Edited by:
Evelyn Mathias
D.V. Rangnekar
and Constance M. McCorkle
with the assistance of
Marina Martin

Published 1999 by BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India 1999

BAIF Development Research Foundation
BAIF Bhavan, Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar
Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway)
Pune 411 029, India
Phone +91-212-365 494, fax: +91-212-366 788

BAIF is a non-political, secular non-governmental organisation involved in livestock development. BAIF's mission is to create opportunities of gainful self-employment for rural families, especially disadvantaged sections, ensuring sustainable livelihood, enriched environment, improved quality of life and good human health. This will be achieved through development research, effective use of local resources, extension of appropriate technologies and upgradation of skills and capabilities with community participation.

Correct citation:
Mathias, E., D.V. Rangnekar, and C.M. McCorkle. 1999. Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Alternatives for Livestock Development. Proceedings of an International Conference held in Pune, India, on November 4-6, 1997. Volume 1: Selected Papers. BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India.

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CONTENTS
Click on title to go to relevant section.
Note: Ctrl+Home should return you to the start of this document from anywhere within it.

Annexes

Summary of the healers' workshop

Discussions and recommendations

Ethnoveterinary projects

Ethnoveterinary events since Pune

Resources

Participants and authors

Healers

Abbreviations and acronyms

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ANNEXES

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Summary of the healers' workshop

A healers' workshop was held on the evening of 5th November at the conference venue. The aim of the workshop was:

• To include and involve traditional healers in the conference discussions.
• To learn from the healers as they are the true practitioners of ethnoveterinary medicine.

Ten Indian healers (eight men and two women) from Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra participated in the workshop. Staff members of ANTHRA, an Indian NGO, facilitated. The discussions took place in five Indian languages (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, Mewari). The facilitators translated the participants' contributions and discussions into English and questions posed by the audience into the relevant Indian language.

This section summarises the essence of the healers' workshop.

How the healers learned their science

Most of the healers had learned their science from their fathers. The women mentioned they had no brothers so their fathers had taught them although traditionally this knowledge is passed on from father to son. One healer from Maharashtra had learned his skills from a dhangar (pastoralist) under whom he had done an apprenticeship.

What the healers treat

Almost all the healers treated both humans and animals.

Many had specialised in some special diseases. Some treated gynaecological, surgical, and obstetric cases.

The role of the healers in the community

The healers said that there was always a lot of demand for their services and many did not feel their role threatened by the advent of modern practitioners, mainly because the outreach of the modern system was inadequate and ineffective.

None of the healers charged for their services. Many said they would not even drink a cup of tea in the house of the people who called for their services as they believed the potency of their medicines would diminish. In return they expected the community to value and reimburse their services. In many cases this was found to be inadequate.

Their major problems

• Medicinal plants rapidly disappear due to depletion of forest land and other factors affecting the environment.
• Recognition by the 'state run' veterinary community is lacking and therefore healers have no access to changes, new ideas, modern techniques, etc.
• The reimbursement of services is inadequate for the efforts taken.
• There is no system that enables healers to interact with each other.
• Due to the commercialisation of forest products and uncontrolled sales by government departments, the healers can no longer obtain valuable herbs and plants.

How the problems could be overcome

• The area around the village and the forests there should belong to village only and should be under village control. No outside government agencies should be allowed there.
• The government should recognise the healers so that these can practice without being intimidated and harassed by government officials.

How the healers would like to promote their knowledge

• Holding regular meetings between healers and forming healers associations.
• Sharing of knowledge across regions and communities, e.g., teaching interested youth like the young boys and girls working as animal health workers with ANTHRA who are learning from them and in turn helping others.
• Developing herbal gardens so medicines become easily available.
• Maintaining systematic records of the cases treated and their outcome (the healers Ramulu and Baba Marne have already started to do so). This indicates the healers' willingness to change their ways to meet the changing conditions.

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Discussions and recommendations

During the conference, 10 topic-specific working groups identified and discussed:

• activities they thought necessary to promote the use of ethnoveterinary medicine;
• specific projects they planned to conduct.

This section reports the outputs of the working groups as well as ideas and suggestions contributed by individual participants. Most outputs are presented as action plans. The contributions of individuals are listed at the end of this section.

Group 1: Pharmacology and ethnobotany

(see also national-level project suggested by Ahmed et al. later in this section)

Documentation and conservation of ethnobotanicals

Action	Documentation on ethnobotanical remedies in SAARC countries and conservation of ethnobotanicals
Justification	Such information is not available in various regions Information on indigenous knowledge is being eroded/dying Various endangered medicinal plant species require protection
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Research workers Pharmaceuticals Farmers Veterinary officers
Expected outcome	Development of inventory for traditional remedies Information for further research Readily available ethnobotanicals Establishment of regional plant resource centres
Implementers	Various NGOs Resource persons State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), state departments of forestry and other institutions
Location	Areas of working of NGOs/SAUs
Resources	ICAR, SAUS, NGOs, donors from other countries/agencies
Timeframe	5 years
Constraints	Trained manpower Infrastructural facilities Financial assistance
Assumptions	Donors will come forward to support the proposed programme

Evaluation of ethnobotanicals

Action	Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of ethnobotanicals through establishment of a "National Institute for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology "
Justification	Scientific validation of many claims is not available Sub-standard formulations are on the market Information not available on adverse effects of plant-based remedies
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Farmers, veterinary officers, pharmaceuticals, scientists
Expected outcome	Scientific validation of traditional remedies Development of datasheets on evaluation methods Safety of ethnobotanical-based remedies Ready availability of efficacious and cheap formulations National institute as nodal agency for co-ordination and implementation of work
Implementers	Co-ordinated research projects ICAR, SAUS and other institutions
Location	SAUs, research institutes
Resources	Co-ordinated research project: ICAR/SAUs/other institutions/NGOs/other donors
Timeframe	Long term
Constraints	Trained manpower, infrastructural facilities, financial assistance
Assumptions	Pharmacological validation and toxicological evaluation of veterinary pharmaceuticals are lacking at present

Quality control of herbal pharmaceuticals

Action	Quality control and standardisation of veterinary herbal pharmaceuticals
Justification	Substandard drug formulations without critical pharmacological value are poured into the market for use in veterinary practice
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Livestock owners, veterinary officers, pharmaceutical concerns, research workers
Expected outcome	Proper check on spurious and substandard formulations
Implementers	Co-ordinated research project through nodal agency SAUs/other institutions
Location	Nodal agency for co-ordinated research project, e.g., SAUs/institutes
Resources	ICAR, ICMR, CSIR, NGOs, and other donors
Timeframe	Long term
Constraints	Manpower, infrastructural facilities, financial assistance
Assumptions	The use of spurious and substandard formulations may be avoided Only quality products will be employed in veterinary practice for effective animal disease control

Group 2: Validation and clinical trials

Validation and clinical trials
Action	Protocol development Documentation of plants/herbs and practices Prioritisation Controlled trials
Justification	Protocol: Standards for 'ethno' lacking Documentation: Needs updating and maintaining ongoing efforts Prioritisation: Too many plants/practices/ethnic groups Controlled trials: Scientific authentication/validation
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Livestock owners, ethnoveterinary practitioners
Expected outcome	Enriching knowledge and skills Cost-effective treatments with predictable results Eco-friendly practices, conserve biodiversity
Implementers	Apex body: scientists, lay practitioners, botanists, NGOs, selected villagers Sub-groups/committees for 1 documentation 2 protocol 3 clinical trials
Location	Recognised institutions - national and international On-farm
Resources	National and inter-national funding agencies Commercial organisations Farmer co-operatives
Timeframe	Protocol development: 1 year Documentation and prioritisation: 2 years and then ongoing Controlled clinical trials: continuous process
Constraints	Finance Expertise and facilities Number of ethnic groups/plants and herbs Unwillingness to share information Lack of network
Assumptions	An apex body formed for the promotion of ethnoveterinary research, extension, education, and implementation
Field validation
Action	Documentation criteria for selection, field trials
Justification	To be able to recommend evk to community To ensure evk remains in community control
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Farmers, livestock owners
Expected outcome	Set of local-specific standard practices
Implementers	NGOs Field veterinarians Institutions, universities, scientists Central body to co-ordinate functions
Location	Region specific
Resources	Money Skills training
Timeframe	Documentation: 2 years Field trials: 3 years
Constraints	Interested persons

Group 3: Field application

(see also suggestions by Deore later in this section)

Needs

• Maintain holistic nature of EVM (several actions)
• Establish network of ethnoveterinary groups
• Increase collection, documentation, validation, and assimilation of indigenous knowledge.

Textbook on ethnoveterinary practices
Action	Maintain a holistic approach through literature, i.e., textbook on ethnoveterinary practices (EVP). Contents: Introduction; healthcare (herbs, others); management (nutrition, sheltering, selection); surgery; reproduction; identification, sources and its uses of materials in EVP; glossary; literature
Justification	To socialise EVP among vet professionals To familiarise social workers with EVP To document EVP
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Veterinarians, paraveterinarians, and social workers
Expected outcome	Eye-opener in the field of EVP Cost effectiveness of veterinary practices
Implementers	Working groups on writing, editing, publishing, and fund raising
Location	Email
Resources	Funding agencies, private publishers
Timeframe	About two years
Constraints	Commitment is necessary Identification of role players It may not address all audiences
Assumptions	Full co-operation from all concerned To get top priority by all agencies involved
Include EVM into veterinary curricula
Action	Maintain holistic nature of EVM through inclusion of valid ethnoveterinary practices in the veterinary curriculum
Justification	To appreciate, recognise, and popularise EVM To prevent extinction of EVM
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Students and staff of veterinary schools and ultimately the farmers
Activities	Appraisal of the deciding authorities field visits inviting them for conferences providing a list of references Appraisal of the teaching staff Exposure visits for lecturers
Expected outcome	Widen the knowledge of veterinarians Cost effective medicines Preservation of traditional knowledge Easy accessibility of veterinary services Increasing sensitivity of future veterinarians to alternative forms of medicine
Implementers	Ethnoveterinary forum with specific sub committees
Resources	Human resources Ancient literature Medicinal plants Funds
Timeframe	About two years
Extension
Action	Healers train others Others train healers
Justification	Creates village-based self employment Improves skills of healers Spreads skills
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Healers Locally-interested people, especially women
Expected outcome	Maximum /optimal/extensive usage of ongoing practices Attitudinal change Self-confidence develops
Implementers	NGOs Veterinarians
Location	In their respective service areas (family to district)
Resources	Local resources (healers, veterinarians, herbal or other agents) Outside resources (communication media - human and electronic) Finance
Timeframe	Right now - start with awareness
Constraints	Manpower and finance Government policy Conceptual problems Documentation Lack of training manuals
Assumptions	Local healers and veterinarians co-operate Financial and other resources are available

Group 4: Education

(see also suggestions by Kambewa later in this section)

Needs/lessons (education curricula)

• Awareness all levels
• whether there is any need
• teach at what level
• who will teach
• Different continents have different levels regarding ITK
• Current veterinary education is comprehensive and inflexible
• General awareness survey, student projects, official registration, social science skills, farmer contact.

Need-based education

Actions

• Approach to veterinary regulatory bodies
• lobbying
• information
• appreciation of ITK by giving publicity through every possible method
• projects on EVM - involving students
• package of indigenous practices
• Awareness (Internet pages, written media, oral media, electronic workshops, regional/continental conferences)
• Involvement of students:
• in the absence of any money students projects and assignments represent an appropriate way of accumulating information on local ITK/EVM
• validation work however simple is also appropriate for student projects (e.g., contact/interaction with local healers)
• once student projects have been done for 10 years (?) or so, it should be easier to argue for changes in curricula, veterinary regulations, etc.
• Process skills
• Internet page - annotated bibliography

Group 5: Commercialisation

(see also comments by Anjaria later in this section)

Action	Standardisation of raw materials and finished products Preclinical and clinical evaluation of products Restoration of natural habitats and medicinal plants Inclusion of traditional herbal knowledge in veterinary curriculum Exercise
Justification	Constant efficacy and quality control Efficacy validation and propagate the concept of ethnoveterinary knowledge To prevent depletion of valuable plant resources (RDPs) To make ethnovet more acceptable
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Common people, farmers, local healers, veterinarians etc.
Expected outcome	More efficacious and standardised products ensuring persistent quality at economical prices
Implementers	Respective industrial houses, veterinarians, veterinary colleges in close co-ordination with respective industrial houses, government institutes (ICAR), animal husbandry departments
Resources	Chemical testing and analytical testing facilities, evaluation, access to information, persuasion to concerned bodies
Timeframe	1 to 2 years
Constraints	Attitude (lack of exposure to ethnoveterinary)
Assumptions	To convince government bodies of EVM

Group 6: Acupuncture and homoeopathy

(see also comments by Madrewar later in this section)

Action	Create awareness, have short courses (postal as well) Have control body to see standard methods used
Justification	Cheaper, no side effect, alternate treatment, farmer can do (homoeopathy)
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Farmers, vets , paravets , interested animal treatment practitioners
Expected outcome	15 persons trained at a time in acupuncture, 30 - 50 Persons trained at a time in homoeopathy, certificate/advanced training/diploma
Implementers	Universities (retired persons), NGOs, training institutes
Location	NGOs, training institutes, private institutes
Resources	Money - from dairy co-ops: They will get indirect benefits. Literature from institutes, practising vets
Timeframe	Begin immediately, long term courses repeated
Constraints	Funds, trained persons, place, information, acceptance from vet councils
Assumptions	Create awareness at government and lower levels on EVK

Group 7: Camels

Goal

Welfare of camel pastoralists and camels

Problems

• Widening of gap between research and practice
• Research topics chosen top-down
• No benefits/feedback trickle back to camel pastoralists

Actions

• Start a column on ethnoveterinary knowledge on camels (CEVK) in the Journal of Camel Practice and Research
• Preparation of a field manual on camel-related ethnoveterinary knowledge
• Establishment of a ethnoveterinary network for camel development

Journal column

Action	Start a column in the Journal of Camel Practice and Research on CEVK
Justification	Raise awareness about significance of traditional knowledge
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Readers of the Journal
Expected outcome	Improvement of dissemination of knowledge on CEVK
Implementers	Journal of Camel Practice and Research
Location	Bikaner, India
Resources	No additional resources required
Timeframe	Next issues - biannual (June, November) from 1997 onwards
Constraints	Lack of contributions on ethnoveterinary knowledge on camels

Field manual

Action	Producing a field manual on ethnoveterinary knowledge in camels (CEVK)
Justification	Document disappearing knowledge, fill a gap in livestock
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Field veterinarians, students, extension workers
Expected outcome	Improved camel health and production
Implementers	League for Pastoral Peoples
Location	Pune (India)/Ober-Ramstadt (Germany)
Resources	Not available
Timeframe	Starting November 1997
Constraints	No apparent constraints
Assumptions	Willingness to co-operate

Network

Action	Establishment of a ethnoveterinary network for camel development
Justification	Improvement of camel and production through increase exchange of information and linkage between network members
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Sudan, Kenya, India, Germany, Sultanate of Oman, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UK , Sweden etc.
Expected outcome	Improved camel production and health through networking
Implementers	Founder member
Location	Network formed in Pune, India
Resources	Initially travel and communication, funding is required
Timeframe	Founding now, annual meetings
Constraints	Availability of funds
Assumptions	Co-ordinator is available and willing to take duties

Group 8: Involving and rewarding grassroots innovators (community and intellectual property rights

(see also comments by Prakash later in this section)

Actions

• Promote the recognition of traditional healers by encouraging the formation of appropriate institutions and guided by local definitions of traditional practitioners
• Through community-based participatory processes facilitate formal agreements between the various stakeholders (community, healers, NGOs, scientists, commercial government organisations, etc.) which define the ownership control, and benefits of EVK
• Develop/promote information systems (written, oral, or other local systems of communication) appropriate to the acknowledgement, dissemination, and sharing of EVK within communities, and between communities and other stakeholder groups
• Promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity by ensuring equitable access of the healers of a community to the resources

Formation of a healers' association
Action	Form a local healers' association
Justification	Giving legitimacy to local healers by definitions set by them
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Benefits directly to the community and local healers
Expected outcome	Legal agreements/contracts between different actors (healers, community, NGO, scientists etc ) which define ownership, control and benefits of EVK Participatory processes with concerned local people with respect to documentation, control of knowledge and resources Framework of documentation to be evolved by/with community and healers Strengthening local/oral and other traditions of communication within the community to ensure the sustainability of the knowledge
Implementers	Documentation to be done by local communities Training local youth by healers and Training of healers, etc.
Assumptions	Biodiversity and sustainable use of medicinal plants, feeds, grasses, fodder trees, and local breeds by local community to ensure equitable access to them

Group 9: Integrated animal and disease management

General outline
Needs	Exploit the strong points of the different medical systems Widen coverage of production systems Develop economic medicine formulations Look at animal husbandry systems (advisory role in management, prevention etc) Increase availability of medicines and practices Create flexibility in institutional structures Increase openness to ethnoveterinary medicine
Activities	Bring out flexibility in existing procedures Train and educate both veterinarians and healers Recognise interactive way of practices Support and promote medicinal plant cultivation
Actors	Traditional healers Government Private/Co-operatives NGOs Funding agencies
Expected results	Approach towards integrated animal health-care system formulated Awareness and skill development Increased mutual trust between veterinarians and healers Increased availability of medicinal plants
Field application, extension
Needs	Use available infrastructures Selected training of villagers and healers Information and communication system Management and hygiene Orientation of veterinarians NGO participation with local healers Development of ethnoveterinary kits Funding Collection, documentation, validation, and assimilation of ITK Implementation of development programmes Networking of ethnoveterinary groups Training of all farmers by local healers
Actions	Conduct workshops Village fete Holistic approach through networking Demonstration Area-specific case studies Literature on EVM Inclusion of valid EVM in the veterinary curriculum Extent intervention Maintain a holistic approach Develop common strategy Conservation of medicinal plants Local healers should be the trainers Cultivation of medicinal plants for own use Identify traditional treatments and incorporate them into training programmes Revalorization of ITK Continue emphasising efficacy of traditional medicines Proper orientation of veterinarians
Lessons	No universal methodology Not enough documentation No validation Development programmes needed Localised EV practice More studies needed on cost-effectiveness Recording systems inadequate Socialisation of EVK
Action plan
Action	Documenting Writing down EVK: name of respondent, name of conditions, when and how used, did it work (use of matrix ranking) Criteria for selection for further study Number of farmers using a particular practice (economic implication of practice) Observation Potential for replication Opinion of different experts: data banks, existing literature, local healers, pharmacologists, practising experienced veterinarians, ethnobotanists Prioritisation of disease according to economic importance Access to data bank and cross-cultural information Field trials Standardisation of field trials local specific Involvement of field vets in controlled but simple, easy to use field trials NGO's willing to do field trials, involving farmers & healers
Justification	To be able to recommended most effective, economical, easy to use, easily available practices to farmers/livestock owners Provide feed back to farmers directly and ensure knowledge remains in their control
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Farmers
Expected outcome	Set of local specific standardised practices
Implementers	NGOs with field veterinarians, centralised institutions, universities, scientists (need felt for centralised body with representatives from all above, tipping balance towards NGOs to implement and co-ordinate field work)
Location	Regional - each country
Resources	Money for documentation Trials Skills (more training of farmers to record and field-validate and more training of researchers on documentation and field trials)
Timeframe	Documentation: 2 years Field trials: 3 years Consolidation of practices

Group 10: Documentation and networking

General ideas

1. De -linkage with western medicine

2. Re-linkage with traditions

3. New linkage with western medicine

Actions

Short term: Establish mailing list

• initially BAIF (conference)
• then hand over to interested groups (to be decided)

Medium term: Establish website

• focal point ethnovet
• question list
• financing databank work
• facilitate news sheets

Long term: Expanding databank

• input/output

• plants/non-plants

Action plans and recommendations by individual participants

Suggested National-Level Project on Ethnoveterinary Research and Development in India

Allaudin Ahmed, S. K. Dwivedi, and J. K. Malik

Establish a national project on ethno- (traditional) veterinary medicine including a network between veterinary colleges, national laboratories, NGOs, and other institutions.

Suggested activities:

1. Survey of traditional veterinary remedies and practices.
2. Identification of herbs and other plants.
3. Chemical profiles of herbs and plants; identification of the active compounds.
4. Pharmacological profiles of whole plants and plant parts.
5. Toxicity studies.
6. Therapeutic validation of promising pharmacological activities.
7. Formulation, keeping quality.
8. Drug delivery system for proven remedies.

The work is to be undertaken by

1. NGOs and veterinarians for surveying and documenting ethnoveterinary medicine;
2. Pharmacognocists;
3. Plant chemists;
4. Pharmacologists;
5. Clinicians;
6. Pharmaceutical scientists (pharmacy) with adequate laboratory facilities and contingencies.

Additional suggestions by D. V. Rangnekar:

• Pilot projects testing ethnoveterinary medicine in communities should not only include herbs but also other material and local techniques adopted by the healers.
• Pilot projects should involve a team of veterinarians and local healers who use a combination of modern medicine and ethnomedicine.
• Field research on EVM should involve anthropologists or sociologists or technical persons sufficiently exposed to anthropological or sociological studies. This aspect could be handled by NGOs.

Comments to commercialisation

Jayvir Anjaria

Drawbacks of manufacturing

• Product formulations often include adulterant herbs.
• Gunshot prescriptions increase costs.
• The profit margin is around 50-200%.
• Of the raw material suppliers, the middleman gets the profit, not the grower or forest worker.

Solutions/advantages

• Establish local manufacturing units for common home remedies; costs for small units are relatively low (for building, equipment, working capital).
• Harnessing local natural resources gives employment to local people.
• Ethnomedical ready-to-use kits can be applied.
• Authentic and validated ingredients can be used.

Compile booklets, test aroma therapy

P. A. Deore

1. Compile small booklets on ethnoveterinary treatments of important ailments observed in the field. These include tympany, diarrhoea, non-specific anorexia, retention of placenta, wound healing, ectoparasites.
2. Since animals have acute sense of smell, test and evaluate aroma therapy.

Action plan for field application

Guruji (Fr.) Joe Mary M. Lobo

Action	Identify and recognise local affairs and make them and their skills known
Justification	Prepare a training manual Train barefoot technicians Sustainability of the art Better health of the beneficiaries
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Villagers and village animals
Expected outcome	Availability of immediate, cheap medicine, less use of allopathy, greater use of ethnic medicine
Implementers	NGOs
Location	45 Villagers of our service area (Chikmagalord, Karnataka)
Resources	Local healers and our staff
Timeframe	Awareness of ethnoveterinary medicine in our 45 villages in a year's time from now
Constraints	Lack of trained man power, electronic communications media and finance
Assumptions	Local healers' co-operation and funds available

Action plan to get indigenous knowledge included in curricula

B. M. D. Kambewa

Action	Write to the Ministry of Education and the University of Malawi to include indigenous knowledge as a subject for students
Justification	To maintain knowledge on ethnoveterinary medicine. Students should remain reminded about EVM. Communities should be encouraged
Audience/bene-ficiaries	Students and communities
Expected outcome	Knowledge will be documented Communities will be empowered There will be more awareness on ethnoveterinary medicine Students will be taught things suitable to their areas
Implementers	University of Malawi - Bunda College
Location	Malawi
Resources	Literature form other places on EVM
Constraints	Less knowledgeable people to handle All the necessary materials not available (e.g., computers, stationary etc)
Assumptions	University of Malawi will be interested There will be information to share and convince the responsible authorities

Action plan for field application of EVM against ectoparasites and worms

B. M. D. Kambewa

Action	To start field application of EVM for ectoparasites and worms with farmers
Implementers	Bunda College
Location	Malawi
Constraints	Finance, literature

Comments regarding homoepathy

B. P. Madrewar

Much work on veterinary homoepathy has been done in Germany and other countries. A mutual exchange between these countries and India is required.

Comments to involving and rewarding grassroots innovators

T. N. Prakash

• Western users should be treated as a separate category when designing appropriate transfer mechanisms.
• Rewards should be given to individual healers, not to the community as a whole.
• Just recognition is not enough, 'reward' mechanisms have to be designed.
• The use of the term 'stakeholder' is not appropriate.

Recommendations expressed during plenary discussions

• Conduct more field trials, give more emphasis to animal husbandry.
• Conduct participatory workshops to produce extension materials.
• Identify and recognise local healers.
• Train local healers in simple allopathic treatments.
• Veterinary doctors should train healers.
• Develop kit for paraveterinarians.
• Develop training materials for paraveterinarians.
• Apply Ayurveda to animals.
• Conserve medicinal plants in situ and ex situ.
• Conserve local animal breeds.
• Link databases on medicinal plants for humans and animals.
• Develop legislative protocols that facilitate use of EVM.

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Ethnoveterinary projects'

Click here to access table of Ethnoveterinary Projects around the world

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Ethnoveterinary events since Pune

1998-ongoing: BAIF in India launched three pilot projects in Gujarat State. Two of these are funded by farmers' dairy co-operatives and look at integrating allopathy and ethnoveterinary medicine, local healers and paraveterinarians. The other project is conducted in collaboration with SRISTI (see the annex Resources) to develop kits that combine allopathy and ethnoveterinary medicine to be distributed to local healers and paraveterinarians. BAIF is proposing to conduct similar projects in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (contact: D.V. Rangnekar).

16-17 November 1998: Anthra organised a technical committee meeting for its project 'Indigenous Knowledge of Veterinary and Animal Health Practices'. Some 22 participants coming from different professional backgrounds and disciplines discussed the research protocol for the second phase of the project (contact Nitya Gothge or Sagari Ramdas).

3-12 August 1998: The Indian Veterinary Research Institute hosted a short summer course on 'Techniques for Scientific Validation and Evaluation of Ethnoveterinary Practices'. About 25 scientists and NGO staff from different parts of India participated and discussed diverse screening and evaluation techniques for medicinal plants as well as strategies to disseminate local technologies to farmers. Participants and faculty formulated the following priorities and recommendations:

• Necessity of cultivation of medicinal plants by farmers and marketing.
• Necessity of cultivating plants that are likely to become extinct.
• Availability of genuine raw materials to pharmaceuticals.
• Avoidance of spurious raw materials.
• Avoidance of contamination of herbs with pesticides, heavy metals, and microbial and radio-active contaminants.
• Establishment of a green line of medicinal plants with particular reference to those under extinction.
• Genetic improvement of medicinal plants to increase their quality and quantity.
• Establishment of a database of medicinal plants
• Formulation of a national drug policy for herbal medicines.
• Licensing policy.
• Development of a herbal veterinary pharmacopoeia.

A compendium containing all lectures presented during the course has been compiled (contact: S. K. Dwivedi).

6 December 1998: Prelude hosted a one-day seminar on local actors and environmental, plant and animal resources and their influence on the quality of life and development in Liege, Belgium (contact: Michel Ansay).

4-6 February 1999: The Malabar Milk Union (Milma) in Calicut, India, organised an international seminar on 'Integrated Approach to Animal Health Care'. In June 1999, Milma published proceedings of this seminar in two volumes² (contact: V. Padmakumar). A short summary of the seminar can be found in the online issue (No. 8) of the New Agriculturalist at http://www.new-agri.co.uk.

15-17 March 1999: Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan, an Indian NGO specialised in working with livestock dependent people, and its sister organisation, the League for Pastoral Peoples, organised a regional three-day workshop on 'NGO-Approaches to Animal Health, with Special Focus on Ethnoveterinary Medicine' in Sadri, Rajasthan, India. Traditional animal healers and livestock owners as well as representatives of the Department of Animal Husbandry and university and research institutions attended. The workshop discussed questions such as 'what can NGOs do to provide animal health services that are really responsive to animal owners' needs and how can they mediate between farmers and the government?'.

The participating organisations committed to forming a network of NGOs involved in livestock projects and to an action programme with the following points:

• Registration of animal healers.
• Establishment of a uniform format for the collection of ethnoveterinary information.
• Validation of traditional treatments.
• Use of indigenous knowledge for the mapping of animal diseases.

Based on the discussions, guidelines for NGOs on the implementation of animal health programmes will be prepared (contact: Ilse Köhler-Rollefson or Hanwant Singh Rathore).

8-9 May 1999: An International Seminar 'Herbs, Humans and Animals' was conducted in Coreglia (Lucca), Tuscany, Italy. The seminar discussed medicinal plants in popular ethnoveterinary medicine in the Mediterranean region. Proceedings will be published before October 1999 (contact: Andrea Pieroni, Venloer Strasse 233a, D-50823 Köln, Germany. Fax +49-221-9525484, email experiences@netcologne.de).

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RESOURCES

Organisations

The following organisations focus on livestock research or community-based animal healthcare and production and are interested in ethnoveterinary medicine.

ANTHRA

Shop F, Lantana Gardens, N.D.A Road, Bavdhan Pune, India. Tel. +91-212-260282, fax +91-212-369065, email anthra@pn2.vsnl.net.in.

BAIF

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway), Pune 411 029, India. Tel. +91-212-365494, fax +91-212-366788, email baif@vsnl.com.

GRISERV

3rd Floor, Indira Complex, Near Amarjyot Society, Manjalpur, Baroda 390004, Gujarat, India. Tel./fax 0265-651802, email baif.griserv@lwbdq.lwbbs.net.

Heifer Project International (HPI)

P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Tel. +1-501-376-6836.

IT Kenya

Intermediate Technology Development Group, P.O. Box 39493, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. +254-2-442108, fax +254-2-445166.

PRELUDE (Programme for Research and Link between Universities for Development)

Sub-network Health, Animal Productions and Environment, c/o Michel Ansay, 15, rue N.Royer, 4367, Fize-le Marsal (CRISNEE), Belgium. Email mansay@ulg.ac.be (for Website, see below).

Shalihotra Alternative Veterinary Medicine Research and Training Institute

Mandleshwar Dist. Khargone, M.P. 451221, India.

SRISTI

Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015, India. Tel. +91-79-407241, fax +91-79-6427896 (for Website, see below).

Vetwork

Stephen Blakeway, 35D Beach Lane, Musselburgh EH21 6JX, UK. Tel. +44-131-665 2417, email stephen@vetwork.org.uk (for Website, see below).

Vetaid

Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom. Tel. +44-131-4456241, fax +44-131-4456242, email vetaiduk@gn.apc.org.

Veterinaires Sans Frontieres (VSF)

14, Avenue Berthelot, 69007 Lyon, France.

Women Organisation for Rural Development (Word)

4, Shobhana Apts., Nehrupark, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, India. Tel. +91-79-6750572.

Websites and mailing lists

http://www.vetwork.org.uk

Vetwork's site. It presents information and contact addresses relating to community-based animal healthcare. It also contains these proceedings.

http://csf.colorado.edu/sristi

SRISTI's site. SRISTI is a non-governmental organisation set up to strengthen the creativity of grassroots inventors, innovators, and eco-entrepreneurs engaged in conserving biodiversity and developing eco-friendly solutions to local problems. SRISTI produces the Honey Bee Newsletter (see below).

http://pc4.sisc.ucl.ac.be/prelude.html

Site of the PRELUDE network. It includes a large database on African medicinal and veterinary plants.

http://www.angelfire.com/de/lpp

Site of the League for Pastoral Peoples (LPP), an advocacy and support group for pastoralists who depend on common property resources. Together with its Indian partner organisation Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan, LPP runs a camel project in Rajasthan that integrates both western and local methods of animal healthcare.

http://www.netcologne.de/~nc-pieronan2

Relates to food and medicinal plants.

http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal
Focuses on medicinal plants for livestock. It discusses basic questions about the safety and efficacy of some medicinal plants.

http://netvet.wustl.edu

Focuses on veterinary medicine and related fields. It includes comprehensive lists of organisations and websites.

http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ik.html

Site of Centre for International Research and Advisory Networks (CIRAN/NUFFIC). CIRAN aims to facilitate and improve the exchange of information within the International Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Network. CIRAN produces the Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor (see above).

http://www.worldbank.org/html/afr/ik

Site of the Indigenous Knowledge Initiative of the World Bank. This initiative seeks to enable its development partners to learn more about the local practices in client countries so as to better adapt global knowledge to local conditions, and to design activities to better serve the country needs.

http://www.netcologne.de/~nc-mundypa/workshop.htm

Describes a workshop process that has been used to produce manuals on ethnoveterinary medicine and other extension materials.

http://www.netcologne.de/~nc-mundypa/publications.htm

Contains short descriptions of books produced through material production workshops including two manuals on ethnoveterinary medicine.

http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Cove/1003

'DevArt' features copy-right free line-drawings for development including pictures on livestock.

Ethnoveterinary Mailing List

Launched in June 1999, the EVM list is open to all interested in the study and application of ethnoveterinary medicine. It list supervised by an international team of moderators from Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and the USA, and is hosted by the Centre or International Research and Advisory Networks (CIRAN) of NUFFIC, Netherlands.

Subscribing to the mailing list is free. Just send a blank email message to the following address: join-EVM@lyris.nuffic.nl.

If you have questions, please contact Gerard van Westrienen at gerardw@nuffic.nl or Evelyn Mathias at evelynmathias@netcologne.de.

Journals and newsletters

The following journals and newsletters carry information on indigenous knowledge and ethnoveterinary medicine.

Appropriate Technology

IT Publications Ltd., 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. Tel. +44-171-436 9761, fax +44-171-436 2013, email orders@itpubs.org.uk.

Compas Newsletter of Endogenous Development

Compas, P.O. Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden, the Netherlands. Tel. +31-33-494 3086, fax +31-33-494 0971, email compas@etcnl.nl.

Footsteps

Tearfund, 100 Church Rd., Teddington TW11 8QE, UK. Or: Isabel Carter, Editor, P.O. Box 200, Bridgnorth, Shropshire WV16 4WQ, UK. Tel. +44-1746-768750, fax +44-1746-764594, email imc@tearfund.dircon.co.uk.

IK Monitor

Nuffic-CIRAN, P.O. Box 29777, 2502 LT The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31-70-4260 324, fax +31-70-4260 329, email ikdm@nuffic.nl.

Herders Magazine/Magazine des Eleveurs

Available from World Herders Council/Conseil Mondial des Eleveurs, B.P. 2453, 6002 Lucerne Suisse. Tel./fax +41-41-3610718, email condial@bluewin.ch.

Honey Bee

For address, see SRISTI. Email honeybee@iimahd.ernet.in.

LEISA: ILEIA Newsletter for Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture

P.O. Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden, the Netherlands. Tel. +31-33-494 3086, fax +31-33-495 1779, email ilea@ileia.nl.

Le N'dama: Journal des Vétérinaires et Zootechniciens d'Afrique

For address, see Prelude.

New Agriculturalist (online issue)

http://www.new-agri.co.uk.

Nomadic Peoples

Commission of Nomadic Peoples. Institut für Völkerkunde, Universität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, D-50923 Köln, Germany. Fax +49-221-4705117, email michael.casimir@uni-koeln.de.

Of Cattle and Camels. Pastoralist Newsletter

ACORD - Dean Bradley House, 52 Horseferry Road, London SW1P2AF. Tel. +44-171-227-8600, fax +44-171-799-1868, email info@acord.uk

Shalihotra

For, see Shalihotra Alternative Veterinary Medicine Research and Training Institute.

The Exchange

For address, see HPI. Email exchange@heifer.org.

Selected books

Anjaria, Jayvir, Minoo Parabia, Gauri Bhatt, and Ripal Khamar. 1997. Nature Heals: A Glossary of Selected Medicinal Plants of India. SRISTI, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015, India.

Baerts, Martine, Jean Lehmann, Michael Ansay, and Kakule Kasonia. 1996. A few medicinal plants used in traditional veterinary medicine in sub-saharan Africa. Louvain University Press, Belgium, and Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Coorperation (CTA), Wageningen, Netherlands.

Bazalar, H., and C. M. McCorkle, eds. 1989. Estudios Etnoveterinarios en Comunidades Altoandinas del Perú. Lluvia Editores, Lima, Perú.

Bizimana, N. 1994. Traditional Veterinary Practice in Africa. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Rob dorf, Germany.

Dwivedi, S. K. (ed.). 1998. Techniques for Scientific Validation And Evaluation of Ethnoveterinary Practices. ICAR Summer Short Course (August3-12, 1998). Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 234122, U.P., India.

Ghotge, Nitya S. and Sagari R. Ramdas. 1996. Ethnoveterinary Research in India: An Annotated Bbliography. ANTHRA, , Shop F, Lantana Gardens, N.D.A Road, Bavdhan Pune, India.

IIRR. 1994. Ethnoveterinary Medicine in Asia: An Information Kit on Traditional Health Care Practices (4 vols.). International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines.

ITDG and IIRR. 1996. Ethnoveterinary Medicine in Kenya: A Field Manual of Traditional Animal Health Care Practices. Intermediate Technology Group and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Nairobi, Kenya.

Joshi, Shri Ashok Mahadeoshastri et al. Forthcoming. Krishi Dnyanakosh (Encyclopedia on Indian Culture, will come out in 16 Indian local languages and English). Bharatiya Sanskriti Kosha Mandal, 421, Shaniwar, Pune 411 030, India.

Kasonia, K. and M. Ansay (eds). 1994. Métissages en Santé Animale de Madagascar à Haïti: Actes du Séminaire d'Ethnopharmacopée Vétérinaire "KAGALA," un Partage de Savoirs - Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, 15-22 Avril 1993. Presses Universitaires de Namur, Namur, Belgium.

Mathias, Evelyn, Denis Fielding, and Marina Martin. 1999. Integrated Approach for Animal Health Care. Proceedings of an International Seminar Held at Kozhikode on 4-6 February 1999. Volume 1: Abstracts. Malabar Regional Co-operatives Milk Producers' Union Ltd., Kozhikode, Kerala, India.

Martin, M., C. M. McCorkle, and E. Mathias. Forthcoming. People's Animal Healthcare: An Annotated Bibliography. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK.

Matzigkeit, U. 1990. Natural Veterinary Medicine: Ectoparasites in the Tropics. Weikersheim, Germany: Verlag Josef Margraf Scientific Books for AGRECOL.

McCorkle, C. M., E. Mathias, and T. W. Schillhorn van Veen (eds.) 1996. Ethnoveterinary Research & Development. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK.

OIE. 1994. Anciennes méthodes de prophylaxie des maladies animales - Early methods of animal disease control - Los antiguos métodos de profilaxis de las enfermedades animales. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Épizooties Volume 13(2). Office International des Épizooties, Paris, France.

Wanyama, Jacob B. 1997. Confidently used ethnoveterinary knowledge among pastoralists of Samburu, Kenya. Book 1: Methodology and results. Book 2: Preparation and administration. Intermediate Technology Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Participants and authors

I.G. Adeymi, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

*Hamid Agab, Veterinary Researcher, Camel Project, AL Rajhi College for Agriculture, P.O. Box 2373, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel. +966-6-391 1555 (ext. 658), fax +966-6-3911565.

*Allauddin Ahmed, Vice Chancellor, Jamca Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India. Tel. +91-11-6984484, fax +91-11-6988874.

*Mohamed Fadol Ahmed, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan.

*Darlington Akabwai, Veterinarian, Organisation of African Unity, Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources, Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC-VAC of OAU/IBAR/PARC), Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. +254-2-226447, fax +254-2-583358, email leyland@usersAfricaonline.co.ke.

*Shripad Akolkar, Veterinary Consultant, A-2 Ameet Apartment, Ellora Park, Baroda 390007, India. Tel. +91-265-381532.

*Francesca Ambrosini, Phd Student, University of Veterinary Medicine Pisa, Via di Ripalta 32, 50020 Ginestra F.na., Italy. Tel. +39-55-8713178.

*Manibhai Shyamidas Amin, Manager (AHO), Dudh Sagar Dairy, Mehsana Dist., Coop. Milk Ltd., Mehsana 384002, India. Tel. +91-2762-53201, fax +91-2762-53422.

*Jayvir V. Anjaria, Consultant, C-5, Sonarika Apts., Atira Road, Ahmedabad 380015, India. Tel. +91-79-6564910, fax +91-79-6575584, email anjaria@ad1.vsnl.net.in.

*Michel Ansay, Professor, Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bld. de Colonster, B41 Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Tel. +32-4-3664170, fax +32-4-3664176, email mansay@ulg.ac.be.

*Stephen Ashdown, 12 Kingsham Ave, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 2AN, United Kingdom. Tel. +44-1243-773363, email AshdownSF@aol.com.

*Aswin, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand, India.

*Bose Atindra, Project Manager, Appropriate Technology India, 23 Yogashram Society, Manekbaug, Ambawadi, Ahmedbaad 15, India. Tel. +91-79-6640741, fax +91-79-6621573.

*Felix Bachmann, Programme Adviser, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation / Intercooperation, D-3 Casa Cavelle 4, 12/5 Lavelle Road, Bangalore 560001, India. Tel. +91-80-2243762, fax +91-80-2243763.

*V.C. Badve, R.P.C, BAIF, Central Research Station, Kamdhenu Nagar, Urulikanchan 412207, India. Tel. 816265, fax 816347.

P.H. Bayemi, Institute of Animal Research (IRVZ), Bambui, P.B. 51, Bamenda, Cameroon.

*Bernard Bel, Research Coordinator, French Centre for Human Sciences 2, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi 110011, India. Tel. +91-11-3014173, email bel@kagt.com.

*Adréine Bel, French Centre for Human Sciences 2, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi 110011, India. Tel. +91-11-3014175, fax +91-11-3018480.

*Sudhakar Bhandare, Veterinary Student, K.N.P. College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal (Satara) 427, Ganesh Niwas, Shivaji Nagar, Ajara 416505, Dt. Kolhapur, India.

*Dilli Ram Bhandari, Veterinarian, Rural Development Centre, New Road, P.O. Box No.62, Pokhara, Nepal. Tel. +977-61-20492, fax +977-61-21953, email rdc@umn.mos.com.np.

*Praful Chandra Bhatnagar, Training Associate, V.B. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Udaipur, India. Tel. 560313, fax 524800.

*Gauri Bhatt, Researcher, SRISTI, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015, India. Tel. +91-79-407241, fax +91-79-6427896.

*Shailesh K. Bhavsar, Assistant Research Scientist, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India.

*D.L. Bijwal, Associate Professor, Medicine, Dr. P.D.K.V. Akola, Department of Medicine, Akola 444104, India.

Nsekuye Bizimana, Grainauerstrasse 13, D-10777 Berlin, Germany. Tel./fax +49-30-2113599.

*Stephen Blakeway. Vetwork, 35D Beach Lane, Musselburgh, EH21 6JX, United Kingdom. Tel. +44-131-6652412, email stephen@vetwork.org.uk.

*Set Bornstein, Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 7073, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Tel. +46-18-674155, fax +46-18-309162, email set.bornstein@sva.se.

*Vivek Gaur Broome, Research Assistant, ANTHRA, Shop F, Lantana Gardens, N.D.A. Rd., Bavdhan, Pune, India. Tel. +91-212-369065.

*Andy Catley, VETWORK, 51, Salisbury Road, Edinburgh EH16 5AA, United Kingdom. Tel./fax 44-131-6678299, email catley@bigfoot.com.

*A. Chakrabarti, Professor, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, BCKV Staff Quarter, Mohanpur, Nadia, W. Bengal 741252, India. Tel. 556-5021.

*E.K. Chaudhari, Manager (Animal Husbandry), Vasudhara Dairy, Alipur 396409, Dt. Valsad, India. Tel. +91-2634-32761.

T.U. Chinthu, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

N.P. Dakshinkar, N.P. Department of Medicine, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur 440006, India.

*P.A. Deore, formerly BAIF, A/7 Vinze Wada, 129 Shukrawar Peth, Pune 411002, India. Tel. +91-212-472931.

*Jaydeep M. Desai, Veterinary Officer, Sumul Dairy, Surat, India. Tel. +91-261-427691.

*Pankaj U. Desai, Deputy Director (Animal Husbandry), Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Krishi Bhuvan, Paldi, Ahmedabad 380006, India. Tel. +91-79-6579601.

*Subodh M. Desai, D.P.C., BAIF, Griserv Administration Office, 3^rd Floor, Indra Complex, Sindhawai Mata Road, Manjalpur, Baroda 390004, India. Tel. +91-265-429802.

*R.C. Deshmukh, Sr. D. Officer, BAIF (MITTRA), Shubhorambhe Complex, Sharanpur Road, Opp. Kulkarni Garden, Wank 2, India. Tel./fax 313395.

*Felix R. Doepmann, Dorfstr. 40, D-21401 Radenbeck, Germany. Tel. +49-5859-383, fax +49-5858-561 or +49-4131-406838.

*S.K. Dwivedi, Head, Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, India. Tel. +91-581-441587, fax +91-581-447284, email ivri@x400.nicgw.nic.in.

*Baldwin L. Dy, Veterinarian, 10 Yardley Street, Sta. Lucia Village III, Punturin, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Philippines. Tel. 445-32-40, email bernardd@skyinet.net.

*D. Ebenezer, Director of Animal Husbandry, Tynampet, Chennai 600006, Tamilnadu, India. Tel. 4338714.

T.J. Fernandez, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, VISCA, Baybay, Leyte 6521-A, Philippines. Email pardales@mozcom.com.

*C.R. Field, Private Consultant, P.O. Box 485, Nanyuki, Kenya. Tel. +254-176-22637, fax +254-176-32883.

*Denis Fielding, Senior Lecturer, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom. Tel. +44-131-6506259, fax +44-131-4455099, email denisf@LAB0.VET.ED.AC.UK.

*T. Kumar Gahlot, Editor, Journal of Camel Practice and Research, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, 67 Gandhi Nagar West, near Lalgarh Palace, Bikaner 334001, India. Tel. +91-151-527029 or 521282, fax +91-151-209286 or 204100.

*Nitya Ghotge, Co-Director, ANTHRA, Shop F, Lantana Gardens, N.D.A Road, Bavdhan Pune, India. Tel. +91-212-260282, fax +91-212-369065, email anthra@pn2.vsnl.net.in.

*S.B. Gokhale, Research Programme Director, BAIF Central Research Station, Kamdhenu Nagar, Urulikanchan, Dist. Pune 412207, India. Tel. 816248, fax 816347.

*Daniel Gonzalez Acuna, Veterinarian, Private Practitioner, Valdivia 725, Casilla 123, San Fernando, Chile. Tel. +56-72-713301.

S.K. Gowda, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, India.

*Anil K. Gupta, SRISTI, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015, India. Tel. +91-79-407241, fax +91-79-6427896, email anilg@iimahd.ernet.in.

*Jagdish Chandra Gupta, Chief Functionary, Pashu Palak Vikas Sansthan, Mata Mandir Road, Mukhardeenagar Kashipur, Dist. Nanital, U.P. 244713, India. Tel. +91-5947-75015.

*Guruji (Fr.) Joe Mary Lobo, Director, Sri Christa Sharan (Social Development Society Regd.), Birur, Chikmangalur Dt., Karnataka 577116, India. Tel. +91-8267-55623 or 55714, fax +91-8267-55623.

*Parbati Gurung, Animal Health and Livestock Trainer, AHITP, RDC, Pokhara, Nepal. Mailindg address: RDC, United Mission to Nepal (UMN) P.O. Box 126, Kathmandu, Nepal.

S. Hajare, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.

*Khan Shaheen Hamed, Nanal Peth, Bahadoar Shah Jafar Road, Parbhani 431401, M.S., India.

Lynn Hirschkind, Apartado 01-01-1157, Cuenca, Ecuador.

*Katrien van't Hooft, Hamaker Laan 24, 3571 ZG Utrecht, Netherlands. Tel./fax +31-30-2760079, email katrienvanthooft@compuserve.com.

*Christian Hülsebusch, University of Hohenheim, Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Institute for Animal Production, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Tel. +49-711-4593173, fax +49-711-4593290, email huelse@uni.hohenheim.de.

*M.N.M. Ibrahim, Senior Lecturer, University of Peradeniya, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Tel. +94-1-593588, fax +94-1-588875, email nawaz@agri.pdn.ac.sl.

*K.C. Indina, Animal Health and Livestock Trainer, RDC, Pokhara, Nepal. Mailing address: RDC, United Mission to Nepal (UMN), P.O. Box 126, Kathmandu, Nepal.

A.G. Jagun, National Animal Production Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

*Shailendra Jain, Director, Daglia Agro Vet. Chm. Pvt. Ltd., 8 Tuna Pitha, Indore 2, India. Tel. +91-731-532487.

R.G. Jani, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India.

*Ashok S. Jape, A.C.P.C., BAIF-Griserv 8, Paritosh Society, Gogha Jaga Naka, Bhavnagar 364001, India. Tel. +91-278-564294.

*Jayaraman, Field Worker, SEVA, 43 T.P.M. Nagar, Virattipathu, Madurai 625110, India. Tel. +91-452-604082.

T.N. Jayatileka, Agro-enterprise Development Project, 252 Galle Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.

V.L. Jayshree, Postgraduate Student, Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore 560024, India.

Basavaprabhu Jirli, Ph.D. Scholar, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 123001, India. Fax +91-184-250042 or 254372, email ndri@x400.nicgw.nic.in.

*A.J. John, 39 Narang Colony, Nanak Puri, New Delhi 110058, India. Email Rayinsda@nda.vsnl.net.in.

*A.L. Joshi, Programme Director, BAIF, Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway), Pune 411 029, India. Tel. +91-212-365494, fax +91-212-366788, email baif@vsnl.com.

*M.S. Kadu, Former Dean, Dr.P.D.K.V. Akola, 48 SE Rly. Coloy II, Rana Pratap Nagar, Nagpur 440022, India. Tel. +91-712-226213.

*R.N. Kamath, Product Manager, Alembic Chemical Works Co. Ltd., Alembic Road, Baroda, India. Tel. +91-265-380880, fax +91-265-382643.

*B.M.D. Kambewa, Christian Service Committee, P.O. Box 30123, Lilongwe 3, Malawi.

*Kalkule Kansonia, Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bld. de Colonster, B41 Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Fax +32-4-3664176.

*Brigitte Kaufmann, University of Hohenheim, Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Institute for Animal Production, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.

*N.H. Kelawala, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Veterinary College, Department of Surgery, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India. Tel. 21666 (ext.276) or 21921, fax 41520.

*Kemparaja, Veterinary Officer, Veterinary Hospital, Ramanagaram, Bangalore, India.

*M.C. Kerkkad, Deputy Manager (PGI), Risk of Dairy, Dudh Suran Marg, Rajkot 3, India. Tel. 387353.

*C.M. Ketakar, Secretary, Rural Agriculture Institute, Narayangaon, India. Tel. Narayangaon 410504.

*Ripal Khamar, Researcher, SRISTI, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015, India. Tel. +91-79-407241, fax +91-79-6427896.

N.D. Khanna, 9/901 Multistorey Building, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India.

Wilson M. Kisamo, Livestock Field Officer, NGO Pastoralists Training, P.O. Box 13657, Arusha, Tanzania.

*Ilse Köhler-Rollefson, League for Pastoral People, Pragelatostr. 20, 64372 Ober-Ramstadt, Germany. Tel./fax +49-6154- 53642, email gorikr@t-online.de.

*Rajesh Prakash Kokje, Veterinary College (Gujarat Agricultural University), Anand, India.

*S. Koteeswaran, Project Coordinator (Animal Husbandry), Danida, Pudukottai, Tamilnadu, India. Tel. +91-4322-24686.

*Lal Krishna, Assistant Director General (Animal Husbandry), I.C.A.R./DARE, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 1, India. Tel. +91-11-3384649, email krishi@icar.Delhi.nic-in.

*Pratima Krishnan, Senior Consultant, Om Consultants (Indian) Pvt. Ltd., 84, Kalpataru, 9th cross 6th Main, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560003, India. Tel. +91-80-3349540 or 3347228, fax +91-80-3347209, email omci@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in.

*D.K. Kulkarni, J.S.A. Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, India. Tel. +91-212-354357.

*N.K. Kulkarni, Postgraduate Student, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, U.A.S, Bangalore, India.

*Dinesh Kumar, Scientist, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI), Avikanagar, Via Jaipur, Rajasthan 304501, India. Tel. +91-1437-8130, email dinesh@cswri.raj.nic.in.

*Dinesh Kumar, Scientist, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar U.P. 243122, India.

*Basant Kumar Koge, Office Correspondent, Bi-Monthly Magazine Shalihotra Pashuchikitsa Vigyan, Mandleshwar Dist. Khargone, M.P. 451221, India.

*M.S. Kumbhojkar, Scientist, In-charge Botany Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, India.

*Manik Ch. Kuri, Programme Officer, M.C.C, Maijdee Court, Box No.5, Naokhali, Bangladesh. Tel. 5433.

*Shyam Singh Lakhawat, A.D.O, BAIF, New Colony, Jhadol 313702, Dist. Udaipur, India. Tel. +91-29591-2334.

*Jawahar Lal, Principal Scientist, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, U.P, India.

*Cokro Setio Leksmono, Deliveri Project - Indonesia, Jl. Adhiyaksa No.17, Ujung Pandang 90222, Indonesia. Tel. +62-411-454600, fax +62-411-459300, email deliveri@indo.net.id.

*Ann-Si Li, DVM, OMD, Assisi Acupuncture Ltd., 2693 Shasta Road, Berkeley, California 94708-1921, USA. Tel./fax +1-510-8481995, email Assisi3AsL@aol.com.

*Francis Peter Macwan, Project Executive, National Tree Growers Cooperative Federation Ltd., c/o NDDB, Anand 388001, India. Tel. 21402, email francis@ntgcf.irm.ernet.in.

*B.P. Madrewar, Assistant Director of Animal Husbandry, Regional Joint Director of Animal Husbandry, Aurangabad, India. Tel. 32985.

*R.K. Mahuli, Joint Programme Director, BAIF, Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway), Pune 411 029, India. Tel. +91-212-365494, fax +91-212-366788, email baif@vsnl.com.

*J.K. Malik, Head, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, U.P., India. Tel. +91-581-440291.

*B.P. Mangurkar, Senior Vice President, BAIF, Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway), Pune 411 029, India. Tel. +91-212-365494, fax +91-212-366788, email baif@vsnl.com.

*B.P. Manjunatha, Deputy Manager (Technical), Natural Remedies, 311m 40th Cross, I Main, 8th Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560082, India. Tel. +91-80-6635656, fax +91-80-6656652, email indherbs@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in.

*A.V. Marathe, Student, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India.

*Marina Martin, Project Coordinator, Vetaid, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom. Tel. +44-131-4456241, fax +44-131-4456242, email vetaiduk@gn.apc.org.

*Evelyn Mathias, Independent Consultant, Weizenfeld 4, 51467 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. Tel. +49-2202-932921, fax +49-2202-932922, email evelynmathias@netcologne.de.

*A.C. Mathur, Officer on Spl. Duty, BAIF, C-35 Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India. Tel. +91-11-6962903.

*Jagdish S. Matti, Postgraduate Student, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, U.A.S., Bangalore, India. Tel.+91-80-3418133.

*Constance M. McCorkle, President, CMC Consulting, 7767 Trevino Lane, Falls Church VA 22043, USA. Tel. +1-703-2041837, fax +1-703-2041296, email mccorkle@boo.net.

*Bhanwar Lal Meea, Traditional Healer, Jagran Jan Vikas Samiti, A/P Valli, Dist. Udaipur, India. Tel. 523456.

*Vahetha Menon, Project Executive (Animal Husbandry), League for Education and Development, 40, First Street, Rayarthoppu Sriramapuram, Srirangam, Trichy 620006, India.

*Binayak Misra, Project Director, Integrated Livestock Development, Indo Danish Project, Jeypore, India. Tel. 23226, fax 23428.

*R.R. Mohan, Director Operations, Om Consultants (Indian) Pvt. Ltd., 84, Kalpataru, 9th cross 6th Main, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560003, India. Tel. +91-80-3349540 or 3347228, fax +91-80-3347209, email omci@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in.

*B.R. Morgaonkar, Senior Development Officer, BAIF, Kamdhenu Nagar, Urulikanchan, Dist. Pune 412207, India. Tel. 816312, fax 816347.

*Shivama Muddegauda, Local Healer, BAIF-K, Tiptur, India.

*Paul Mundy, Development Communication Specialist, Weizenfeld 4, 51467 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. Tel. +49-2202-932921, fax +49-2202-932922, email paulmundy@netcologne.de.

*Tri Budhi Murdiati, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jln. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, Indonesia. Tel. +62-251-331048, fax +62-251-336425, email triashar@indo.net.id.

*V.B.G. Krishna Murthy, Executive Animal Husbandry, Indo Swiss Project, V.B.R.I. Campus, Shantinagar, Hyderabad 500028, India.

*S.V. Murugesan, Assistant Professor, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Science University, University Training and Research Centre, 2 Sundar Street, Thirunagar, Madurai 625006, India. Tel. +91-452-882955.

*Babiker Elhag Musa, Veterinary Doctor, Diwan of Royal Court, P.O. Box 1844, Code 111, Sultanate of Oman. Tel. +968-539623, fax +968-893802.

*R. Sabarinathan Nair, Dean, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kurumbapet, Pondicherry 605009, India. Tel. +91-413-71671, fax +91-413-72005.

*Augustine Taban Namanda, Veterinarian, FARM AFRICA, P.O. Box 795, Nanyuki, Kenya. Tel. +254-176-32352, fax +254-176-32883.

*B.K. Narainswami, Associate Professor, Staff Training Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Tel. +91-80-3411483, fax +91-80-3334804.

*S.D. Nimbalkar, B.P.O., BAIF Institute for Rural Development, Tiptur - Hassan Road, Tiptur 572202, Karnataka, India. Tel. 51337.

*Frank Otto, Technical Adviser, GTZ, Maputo CC 1766, Mozambique. Tel. +258-1-475522, fax +258-1-492323.

*M.R. Pachegaonkar, BVSc, Maharashtra Deoni Cattle Breeding Association, Latur, Maharashtra, India. Tel. 43309.

*V. Padmakumar, Assistant Manager, Kerala Co-op. Milk Federation, MRCMPU, Kunnamangalam P.O., Calicut, Kerala, India. Tel. +91-495-200612, fax +91-495-200651, email mrcmpu@md3.vsnl.net.in.

*A.P. Palanivelu, SEVA, 43 T.P.M. Nagar, Virattipathu, Madurai 625110, India. Tel. 604082.

*C.B. Pande, General Manager (Technical), Natural Remedies, 311m 40th Cross, I Main, 8th Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India. Tel. +91-80-6635656 or 6656457, fax +91-80-6656652, email Sales@naturalremedy.com.

*A.N. Pandey, Veterinary Officer, MYSF (Manjre (BK), Military officer, c/o R.V.S. HQ S.C., Pune 1, India. Tel. +91-212-606797 or 602799.

S.N. Pandey, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Minoor H. Parabia, Professor, South Gujarat University, Shri Bapalal Vaidya Bot. Res. Centre, Surat, India. Tel. +91-261-42 7141-49.

*Dharmsinh Pethaji Parmar, Manager (Animal Husbandry), Dudh Sagar Dairy, Mehsana Dist. Coop. Milk Ltd., Mehsana 384002, India.

*A.J. Kachhia Patel, Deputy Director (Animal Husbandry), Veterinary College, Anand, India. Tel. 21921.

P.R. Patel, Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, Veterinary College, Anand 388001, India.

*B.R. Patil, Programme Director, BAIF, Griserv Administration Office, 3^rd Floor, Indra Complex, Sindhawai Mata Road, Manjalpur, Baroda 390004, India. Tel. +91-265-429802.

*K.A. Patil, Baroda Dairy, Baroda, Gujarat, India.

*R.E. Patil, Asstistant General Manager, c/o NABARD, Opp. Municipal Garden, Usmanpura, Ahmedabad, India. Tel. +91-79-6449582.

*Raul Perezgrovas, Researcher, University of Chiapas, Elipe Flores # 14, San Cristobal De Las Casas, 29200 Chiapas, Mexico. Tel. +52-967-85980, fax +52-967-83534, email Rgrovas@montebello.unach.mx.

*P.M. Potdar, Managing Director, Aurangabad Co-op. Milk Union, Jalana Road, Aurangabad, India. Tel. 336426.

*P.K. Pradhan, Additional Programme Coordinator, BAIF, Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje Malewadi (Bombay - Bangalore bypass highway), Pune 411 029, India.

*Jai Prakash R., Manager R&D, Natural Remedies, Research and Supply Co., P.B. 456, 164/3, V.T. Road, Bangalore 560004, India. Tel. +91-80-622673, fax +91-80-6612050, email indherbs@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in.

*T.N. Prakash, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India. Tel. +91-80-3330153, fax +91-80-3330277.

*Md. Atwar Rahman, Programme Officer, Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), 1/1. Block A Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tel. +880-2-9117065.

*S. Ramalinga Raju, Additional Director (Animal Husbandry), Directorate of A.H., Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India. Tel. +91-40-3391335.

*Sagari R. Ramdas, Co-Director, ANTHRA, A-21 Sainikpuri, Secunderabad 500097, India. Tel. 711-2826, 711-3167, fax 711-7399, email anthra@hd2.vsnl.net.in.

*M. Ramadas, Assistant Director, Indo Swiss Project, c/o Chief Project Advisor, Indo Swiss Project, V.B.R.I. Campus, Shantinagar, Hyderabad 500028, India.

*V.V. Ranade, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India. Tel. +91-22-4131180.

*Sangeeta D. Rangnekar, President, Women Organisation for Rural Development (WORD), 4, Shobhana Apts., Nehrupark, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, India. Tel. +91-79-6750572.

*D.V. Rangnekar, Senior Vice President, BAIF, P.B. No. 2030, Asarwa, Ahmedabad 380016, India. Tel. +91-79-2123940, fax +91-79-2123045, email dattavr@wilnetonline.net.

*G. Kishan Rao, Joint Director (Animal Husbandry), Khammah AP, Nehru Nagar, Khammam, A.P. 507002, India. Tel. 24564.

*M. Mohan Rao, Assistant Director (Animal Husbandry), Veterinary Polyclinic, Satharampu, Hyderabad, India. Tel. +91-40-4603742.

*M. Ramakrishna Rao, Joint Director (Animal Husbandry), Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Shantinagar, Hyderabad, 28 A.P., India. Tel. +91-40-3316366.

*S.V.N. Rao, Head, Animal Husbandry Extension, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kurumbapet, Pondicherry 605009, India. Tel. +91-413-72006, fax +91-413-720065.

*Sanyasi Rao, Project Assistant, ANTHRA, A-21 Sainikpuri, Secunderabad 500094, India. Tel. 711-2826.

G.S. Rao, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.

*Shravan Singh Rathore, Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Sadri Pali, Lok Hit Pashu Palak Sansthan, Bhagwan Mahaveer Colony, Sadri 306702, Pali Dist., Rajasthan, India. Tel. +91-2934-3686.

*Hanwant Singh Rathore, Director, Sadri Pali, Lok Hit Pashu Palak Sansthan, Bhagwan Mahaveer Colony, Sadri 306702, Pali Dist., Rajasthan, India.

*C.G. Raut, Research Officer, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, P.B. No.11, Pune 1, India. Tel. +91-212-627301.

S.K. Raval, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India.

*D. Ravindra, Manager, National Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (NABARD), 7^th. floor, Srinikethan, Dr.A.B. Road, Worli, Mumbai 400018, India. Tel. +91-22-4948990.

*A.K. Ray, Director of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Orissa, Mangalabag, Cuttack 1, India.

*G.N.S. Reddy, C.P.C., BAIF Institute for Rural Development, Tiptur - Hassan Road, Tiptur 572202, Karnataka, India.

*V.N. Viswanatha Reddy, Professor, Gynaecology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India. Tel. +91-80-3411483.

*S.T. Rekha, Postgraduate Student, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Tel. +91-80-3411501.

*C. Resmy, Postgraduate Student, University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, Room No.208, NIMHANS Staff Hostel, Bangalore 560029, India.

*Sharmila Ribeiro, President, Appropriate Technology India, G-3 Abhinav Gardens, 34, Velachery Road, Chennai 600015, India. Tel. 2354328, fax 2355132.

*Md. Salahuddin, Field Supervisor, 1/1 Block A, Mohammedpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

*Temesgen Samuel, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.

*V.A. Sapre, Professor and Head, Medicine (retired), Nagpur Vet. College, A/2 Jantar Mantar Flats, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India. Tel. +91-712-525728.

*Pradip Kr. Sarma, Assistant Zonal Coordinator, AWARDE Foundation, NE Zonal Office, Dispur, Last Gate, Gauhati 6, India. Tel. +91-361-564651, fax +91-361-565467.

M.J. Saxena, Dabur Ayurvet Ltd., 22 Site IV, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad 201010, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Tara D. Serrao, Principal Vanitha Jyothi Training Institute, Birur, Chikmangalur Dt., Karnataka 577116, India.

*Bhavani Shankar, Alembic Chemicals, Baroda, India. Tel. +91-265-382346, fax +91-265-382943.

*Y.V. Shankarnarayana, Deputy General Manager, NABARD, 54 Wellesly Road, Shivaji Nagar, Pune 411005, India. Tel. +91-212-319083, fax +91-212-313250.

*K.K. Sharma, R.P.C., BAIF, 17 Jagruritinagar, Baduah Road, Barielly 243121, India. Tel. 608019.

*Partheshwar Sharma, Deputy Manager, Bhilwara District Co-op. Milk Union, 5 km Ajmer Road, Bhilwara (Raj), India. Tel. 20318, 20341.

*D.N. Shinde, A.C.P.C., BAIF, RRIDMA-Circle Office 49, Kumbha Nagar, Sector No. 4, behind T.N. Hostel, Udaipur 313001, India. Tel. 483425, fax 483486.

*S.G. Shukla, A.C.P.C. , BAIF, 124 Krishna Nagar, Shastri Road, Bardoli 394601, Dist. Surat, Gujarat, India. Tel. +91-2622-21581.

*Ramlakhan Singh Sikarwar, Research Associate, Institute of Ethnobiology, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India. Tel. +91-522-271031-35, fax +91-522-282849 or 282881.

*S. Sindhu, Postgraduate Student, University of Agricultural Sciences, Room No.97, UAS Ladies Hostel, Hebbal, Bangalore 24, India. Tel. +91-80-3411501.

*Abhaya Singh, Deputy Director (Animal Husbandry), Department of Watershed Development and Soil Conservation, Krishi Bhavan, Jaipur 302004, India. Tel./fax +91-141-380858.

*D.K. Singh, Principal Scientist, National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388001, India. Tel. 40148, fax 40156.

*K.P. Singh, Sheep and Wool Officer, Department of Watershed Development and Soil Conservation, Krishi Bhavan, Jaipur 302004, India. Tel./fax +91-141-380858.

*Piedy Sreeramulu, Project Director, Indo Swiss Project, V.B.R.I. Campus, Shantinagar, Hyderabad 500028, India. Tel. 3320386, 229827, fax 3323025, email admn@hdl.vsni.net.in.

*Anil Kumar Srivastava, Head, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, PAU, Ludhiana, India. Tel. +91-161-401960 (ext. 366).

*Ramnath D. Sudakar, Professor of Pharmacology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh, Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444104, India. Tel. 58200 (ext. 73).

*T.B. Suryaprakasam, Consultant, Khammah AP, Nehru Nagar, Khammam A.P. 507002, India. Tel. 229827.

*V.S. Tamhane, General Manager (C), Baroda Dist. Co-op. Milk Producers' Union Ltd. Baroda Dairy, Makarpura Road, Baroda, India. Tel. +91-265-641066, fax +91-265-641206.

A.M. Thaker, Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand 388001, India.

*Bharatkumar R. Thaker, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Polyclinic, Alembic Road, Vadodara 390007, India. Tel. 328372.

*Mohan M. Tilloo, Partner, Mycon Pharma, 647, Kasba Peth Manik Chowk, Pune 11, India.

*Sharad S. Tilloo, Partner, Mycon Pharma, 647, Kasba Peth Manik Chowk, Pune 11, India. Tel. 458227.

*Subhash S. Tilloo, Partner, Mycon Pharma, 647, Kasba Peth Manik Chowk, Pune 11, India.

*Ramesh Chandra Upadhyaya, Shalihotra, Alternat. Veterinary Medicine Research and Training Institute, Mandleshwar Dist. Khargone, M.P. 451221, India.

*A.S. Upadhye, J.S.A., Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, India.

*S. Vedavathy, Reader and Head, Department of Botany, S.V. Arts College, B-23 Vaikuntapuram, Tirupati 517502, A.P., India. Tel. 29605, email vedavathy@hotmail.com.

*V. Velan, G.M., Indian Herbs, C-102, Adarsh Garden, 47th Cross, 8^th floor, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India. Tel. +91-80-6635656, fax +91-80-6656652.

*D. Venkateshwarlu, Executive Feed and Fodder, Indo Swiss Project, V.B.R.I. Campus, Shantinagar, Hyderabad 500028, India. Tel. +91-40-229827 or 3320386, fax 3323025.

*Prabha Venkataramaiah, Lecturer, Botany, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar 425412, Maharashtra, India. Tel. 22293.

*Koneti Venkatramana, Assistant Director (Animal Husbandry), Livestock Assistants Training Centre, Reddipalli (PO), Anantapur (Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India. Tel. 57242.

*M.P. Verma, I/C Professor of Pharmacology, Veterinary College (Gujarat Agricultural University), Anand, India. Tel. 21666 (ext. 276).

*Marathe Arati Vidhyadhar, Student, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India.

A.P. Vyas, Consultant, Bhimaji Ka Mohalla, Hatai Tapi Bawri, Jodhpur 342001, Rajasthan, India.

*Jacob B. Wanyama, Veterinary Officer, Intermediate Technology Development Group, P.O. Box 39493, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. +254-2-442108, fax +254-2-445166, email wanyama@itdg.or.ke.

*Fran White, Student, University of New Castle Upon Tyne, Department of Agriculture, King George VI Building, New Castle Upon Tyne, NE2 7RU, United Kingdom. Tel. 44-191-222 6870, fax 44-222 7811.

G. Wirtu, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Email gwirtu@vt.edu.

*Sri Dadi Wiryosumanto, Directorate General of Livestock Services, Jl. Harsono RM No.3, Raguwan, Jakarta Selatan 12550, Indonesia. Tel. +62-21-7815685, fax +62-21-7827774.

*Salome Yesudas, Training Associate, D.D.S - K.V.K., P.B. No. 214, Jaheevabad, A.P. 502220, India. Tel. +91-8451-82809.

*Fern D. Yocum, Livestock Technical Officer, Mennonite Central Committee, G.P.O. Box 785, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Tel. +880-2-9117065, fax +880-2-815625, email mcc@bdmail.net.

*M.I. Zuberi, Professor of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. Tel. +880-721-750370, fax +880-721-750064.

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Healers

The following healers from India participated in the conference. On one evening, they discussed their veterinary practices and provided examples of their remedies (for a summary of their discussions, see the annex Summary of the healers' workshop)

Atchiraju, Gummarapalam Village, Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.

Ms. Vallala Bullamma, Thungamadugula village, Addateegala Mandal, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.

Kotam Chinnaldora, Kumaravaram village, Gangavaram Mandal, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.

Mhalu Kokre, Khanu village, Velhe Block, Pune district, Maharashtra.

Bhikaji Kulye, Tarwal village, Ratnagiri block and district, Maharashtra.

Rambhau Marne, Aandgaon village, Mulshi Block, Pune district, Maharashtra.

Kashinath Marure, Sonal village, Bidar district, Karnataka.

Golla Pochiah, Thimmapur village, Shivampet Mandal, Medak district, Andhra Pradesh.

Chinna Ramulu, Jagganathapuram village, Nakapalli Mandal, Vishakapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.

Ms. Somallamma, Jagganathapuram village, Nakapalli Mandal, Vishakapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.

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Abbreviations and acronyms

AFPRO Action for Food Production
AH animal husbandry
AHW animal health worker
ANTHRA an Indian NGO
ASF African swine fever
b.w. body weight
BC before Christ
BFT barefoot technician
CAHW community animal health worker
CBAH community-based animal healthcare
CBPP contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
CCF Christian Children Fund
CCPP contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
CEVK camel ethnoveterinary knowledge
CHAI Catholic Health Association India
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
EA electroacupuncture
ED₅₀ median effective dose
EPG egg number per gram faeces
ER&D ethnoveterinary research and development
EVK ethnoveterinary knowledge
EVM ethnoveterinary medicine
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
FMD food-and-mouth disease
g gram
GO government organisation
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit
HPI Heifer Project International
i.m. intramuscularly
IBAR Inter African Bureau for Animal Resources
IBD infectious bursal disease
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IIRR International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
IK indigenous knowledge
ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group
ITK indigenous technical knowledge
kg kilogram
LA Latin America
LD₅₀ median lethal dose (the dose that will kill 50% of the tested group)
M molar (measure of strength of solution)
mg milligram
ml millilitre
mg microgram
MTD minimum therapeutic dose
ND Newcastle disease
NDDB National Dairy Development Board of India
NGO non-government organisation
OAU Organization of African Unity
OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan
PARC Pan African Rinderpest Campaign
PARC-VAC Participatory Community based Vaccination and Animal Health Project
PRA participatory rural appraisal
PVA primary veterinary assistant
PRELUDE Programme de Recherche et de Liaison Universitaires pour le Developpement
RGF Rajiv Gandhi Foundation
Rs. Rupees (Indian currency)
SKIP Skills for Progress
sp., spp. species
SRI Society for Rural Industrialisation
SRISTI Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technology and Institutions
TCVM traditional Chinese veterinary medicine
UK United Kingdom
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
WHO World Health Organization